morphem part 1

ENGLISH PHONOLOGY & MORPHOLOGY
(4 CREDITS, SEMESTER VI & VIII)

Presented by:
suyanto


ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND ART DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHERS’ TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM  
MATARAM
2011-2012 
English Phonology 

•Phonology is the branch of linguistics which investigates the ways in which sounds are used systematically in different languages to form words and utterances (Katamba, 1989). There are 3 key terms:

–Phone – sound that is actually heard [  ]

–Phoneme – more theoretical (idea) of a sound /  /

–Allophone – nondistinctive realization of the same phoneme

•This organization is explained in phonological rules

•Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. (ex. Pan ≠ ban, ban ≠ bin). Therefore /p/, /b/, /æ/, /i/ are phonemes. There are 44 phonemes in English: 24 consonants, 20 vowels.      

• Phonetics is the study of the inventory of all speech sounds which humans are capable of producing. Mengkaji semua ranah bunyi yang dihasilkan alat ujar (speech organs) 

•Phone + logos = phonology

•Phone = sound

•Logos= science

•Phonologyà the science of sounds

•The scientific study of sounds system

•Phoneme

•morpheme

•Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.

–Articulatory phonetics – how speech sounds are produced (studi mengenai cara menghasilkan bunyi)

–Acoustic phonetics – the transmission and physical properties of speech sounds (menelaah ciri-ciri fisik bunyi dengan menggunakan instrumen lab)

–Auditory phonetics – perception of speech sounds (berkaitan dengan cara mempersepsi bunyi)

•Phonetic transcriptions – one sound = one symbol.

Articulatory Phonetics 

•It deals with the way in which speech sounds are produced (position of lips & tongue, how far open the mouth, whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating, etc)

–The Organs of speech

It can be found in three area of the body:

a.In the chest are the lungs

b.In the throat is the larynx or voice box

c.In the head are the organ of articulation in the upper part of the mouth are (uvula, soft palate, hard palate, alveolar ridge, upper teeth, upper lip and in the lower part of the mouth are the tongue, lower teeth, and lower lip. The tongue has been divided into three parts: the back, the front, & the apex (tip) or (the mid) and two cavity (oral or mouth & nasal or nose)

–Speech mechanism 

Inflectional  

You are expected to know and be able to:

1.Identify English verb agreement

2.Describe person and number agreement

3.Identify genitive markers

4.Analyze noun markers of plurality

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An Inflectional is a particular bound morpheme expressing an inflectional distinction or a grammatical marker, such as affix, that is used as a signal of a grammatical property. The inflections cannot change the word class of derived bases. The inflections can be categorized into the following:

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1. Verb agreement (concord)

  a noun phrase functioning as a subject usually agrees with its verb in a clause, consider the following ex in English

a. Jill is an English student

b. Jill kicks the ball

2. Person and number agreement

  see ex in Arabic,

  a. HUMA YAJLIS-AANI FID DAARI

      (they (two males) sit at the door)

  b. HUMA TAJLIS-AANI DID DAARI

      (they (two females) sit at the door)